Land Law and Equity Problem - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2890 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? LAND LAW AND EQUITY PROBLEM Co-ownership is where two or more people simultaneously enjoy the responsibilities and rights of owning a property. From first January 1926, there exist two manifestations of Co-ownership specifically joint tenancy and tenancy in common.[1] Joint tenancy exists where four co-owners simultaneously enjoy the responsibilities and rights of owning a property. According to the law, joint tenants are considered as one person who is possessing the entire property. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Land Law and Equity Problem" essay for you Create order This is to say that they have no distinct shares in the property. Therefore, none of them can dispose their individual interest in the property through a will if they pass away. However, they enjoy the right of survivorship which occurs if one of them dies and the surviving tenants assume the interest rights left behind by the deceased.[2] Tenancy in common exists where two or more co-owners each have a distinct share of a property. They can therefore, dispose of their share of the property throughout their lifetime or when they pass away. Furthermore, these distinct shares are only a percentage of the property and not physically separated, rather it is an undivided share. Consequently, they each have a right to possess the entire property since the share is not divided. Nevertheless, none of them can exclude another from a given part of the property.[3] Advice for their interest in the cottage First of all, the five are joint tenants since they declared to have held title in trust for themselves. Additionally, legal property is held on trust for each other only in joint tenancy[4]. The five now are joint tenants with only the first four being recognised as the legal co-owners of the cottage[5]. This is only so if the first four joint tenants are of full age and able to become trustees[6]. The reason being that for a valid joint tenancy, there must exist four trustees who hold title to the cottage under a single document. Therefore, in view of the law none of them can dispose of their share of the cottage in a will. This is because of the way joint tenancy is considered to be owned by a single entity not unless the joint tenancy is severed.[7] Uniquely, joint tenancy starts and ends on the same date for all of them. Therefore, in case one of them is deceased, the cottage will lawfully belong to the four surviving tenants through survivor-ship right. This happens as lon g as the joint tenancy was not severed before the tenantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death [8]. If the joint tenancy was severed before the death, then the tenant can transfer his/her share through a will or conveyance can be carried out as per the intestacy rules of the state[9]. Joint tenancy satisfies all the four unities namely possession, interest, time and title[10]. If any of the unities is broken then a tenancy in common exists instead[11]. Possession is where the co-owners are equally entitled to the whole property. This means that restriction must not exist on the property use by the co-owners. In addition, no physical property division to each joint tenants share can be there. In the case of the cottage joint tenancy, unity of possession is present. This is because the possession is entitled to all the five without exclusion of any one as a co-owner. Unity of title is present since they receive their interest in the cottage in a single document same time. The unity intere st of the five co-owners is initially present as they have identical interests before they start severing the joint tenancy. When they severe their interest starts changing duration as they start dropping out one after the other, they inhibit presence of unity of interest though their interest had been of the same manner. Therefore, the unity of interest is absent. Unity of time is absent. The co-owners title vest at the same time but the five receive their share under dissimilar conveyance. Having considered the four unities, the joint tenancy present at first is severed due to absence of unity of interest and unity of times. Severance of interest of joint tenancy of a legal estate to create a tenancy in common in land is prohibited by law. However, it does not affect the rights of a joint tenant to release his/her interest to fellow joint tenants. Consequently it does not affect the right or sever a joint tenancy in equity whether a property is vested in joint tenancy or not, so long as any tenant desiring to sever the joint tenancy in equity notified the other tenant in writing[12]. Unfortunately, the consequences of severing are irrevocable. Once one has severed his/her interest, the severing cannot be reversed In our facts, Dirk is about to sever his interest and this is allowed by law provided he notifies the other joint tenants through writing. He notifies them through writing, and his notification is left in the last known place of business as required and they fall into Shabazà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hands.[13] How the Proceeds of sales would be divided if the cottage was sold As earlier stated, in Joint tenantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ kind of ownership, they all have equal rights to the whole property and in case one of them dies, the cottage automatically passes to the surviving tenants through survivorship right. Therefore, Dirkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share of the cottage is passed to the surviving tenants namely Mitchell, Anisah and Shabaz. However, none can pass ownership of the cottage in their will. This is because joint tenants appear as an individual and thereby cannot have distinct shares in property.[14] We also know that they were registered initially as joint tenants and that they held title in trust for themselves as joint tenants. In Joint tenancy, they all have equal rights to the whole property and in case one of them dies, the cottage automatically passes to the surviving tenants through survivorship right. Correspondingly, a joint tenancy will happen in co-ownership as the lawful title of the joint tenants. Also, there is a title for the tena nts which is common via equity which represents a persons interest in the property. Now considering that some property transfer occurred from the time they purchased the cottage to the time they sold it, Elijahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest shall go to Mitchell who bought his share. Therefore, Mitchell will have a share of 40% of the sales after summing up both his share and that which he bought from Elijah. Since in joint tenancy the ownership of all the tenants ends at once, as Mitchell gets his share, Anisah and Shabaz will both have their shares too. However, since Dirk died and left all his property to Anisah, according to the Land law no one can pass property ownership to another person with or without a will. Therefore, if the joint ownership over the cottage was completely a joint ownership solely by law, then she cannot legally possess Dirkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share of the sales of the property. But since in Equity they had unequal commitment to the price tag, Anisah can no w have Dirkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share of the property price tag since as a friend she is allowed to possess the deceased friendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property in monetary terms as in accordance with the rules intestacy. Thus, Anisah should have 50% and Shabaz 10% of the price tag. I) If the property was conveyed into their joint names but no reference to any trust was made in the conveyance In the event that an express announcement of trust is not made during procurement, the position is more entangled because when the passages at Land Registry record the responsibility for legitimate property they will not record useful interests. It can in this way be to a great degree hard to focus the share in the property that every person is qualified for if their individual shares are not recorded at the time of procurement[15]. Where a property is acquired in joint names and there is no express attestation of trust, the general supposition is that esteem takes after the law that the persons hold the property as joint tenants. In any case, taking after the late decisions in Stack v Dowden and Jones v Kernott, there is amazing powerlessness here of the law. In Stack v Dowden, the House of Lords had held that, in places which no express declaration of trust that has been made, the people will be endeavoured to be joint tenants and met all requirements for comparable shares in the property unless one individual can show that the property was wanted to be held in an unforeseen way. A broad mixed bag of parts can be considered to show this. Then again, it may be in unprecedented cases that a court will be impelled that the people arranged a choice that is unique in relation to proportionate shares[16]. In Jones v Kernott, the Supreme Court comprehensively took after the methodology in Stack v Dowden. They included that in the event that it could be demonstrated that the individuals had planned to hold the property in discrete shares, however that it was unrealistic to focus the extent of the shares they had expected to have each, then the court would need to choose what was reasonable in light of the entire course of managing between the gatherings in connection to the property.[17] In such cases, without any important agreements between the parties that show they proposed something else, their advantageous shares will mirror the measure of their c ommitments. A conveyance to a buyer of a lawful estate in land should overreach any impartial enthusiasm influencing that domain, whether he has recognize thereof, if the conveyance is made by trustees available to be purchased and the even-handed interest is at the date of the conveyance equipped for being overreached by such trustees under the procurements of subsection (2) of segment (2) section I and the statutory prerequisites regarding the instalment of capital cash emerging under a disposition upon trust available to be purchased are agreed to. Along these lines without a reference to any trust they will not be in any position to offer the cottage which is their property.[18] II) If Mitchell is adjudged bankrupt For the situation that Mitchell is pronounced bankrupt and he holds the cottage as a trustee when he is made bankrupt, then there will exist a few outcomes as takes after. The joint gainful tenure gets to be naturally severed since Mitchell is a helpful joint tenant. Any of Mitchells gainful enthusiasm for the trust on which the property is held, or in the returns of offer under such a trust, is a piece of his domain thus vests in the trustee in insolvency in understanding to segment 306 of the Insolvency Act 1986 and no points of interest of the vesting will be made[19]. Furthermore, no change exists in the lawful domain, which stays vested in the joint tenants including Mitchell. The lawful joint tenure cannot be separated (Segment 36(2) and (3) of the Law and Property Act 1925)[20]. The legitimate domain does not structure piece of the bankrupts home (segment 283(3) of the Insolvency Act 1986)[21]. No insolvency notice or restrictions will be entered on the register. On any a ir the joint tenants including Mitchell keep on being the persons who must execute the significant deed. Mitchell can apply for a Form J restriction to ensure that the cottage is not put disposition after his trustee receives the disposition written notice[22]. Additionally, if there does not exist an already registered Form A restriction in the ownership then Mitchell will be able to apply for one to be entered since the beneficial joint tenancy will have been severed by the bankruptcy[23]. A Form J or A restrictions will not keep the enrolment of a disposition to which segment 27 of the Law and Property Act 1925 (instalment of capital cash to no less than two trustees) applies, as in the accompanying sample. Mitchell held the property as beneficial joint inhabitant before the liquidation. Mitchells trustee in liquidation applies to enrol Form J and Form A restrictions. A man in compliance with common decency can buy the property or development cash on security of a lawful charge. They pull out as needed by Form J and follow Form A by acquiring a receipt for capital cash from alternate trustees. That individual takes free of the trustee to greatest advantage in the valuable investment once in the past partly owned by Mitchell. On account of the buy the transferee will be enlisted as the owner and the confinements drop; on account of the charge, it will be enrolled yet the restrictions will stay in the ownership register and Mitchell will be unable to protest the enlistment and will need to look to the enlisted owners to record for any net returns because Mitchell and the other joint tenants have the capacity to offer the property given any Form A or J restrictions is agreed to, the buyer is not influenced by the liquidation. Likewise they held the title in trust for themselves as joint tenants, it is viewed that they hold trust for Mitchell. They can make an intentional game plan as follows: In chance that the course of action contains a task o f Mitchells advantage or makes a trust for the chief then an application may be made for enrolment of a confinement in standard Form A, if it has not been selected in the register. In risk the purposeful strategy contains an errand of Mitchells profit, it is viewed as that the chief likewise applies for a restriction in standard Form II, since the trust investment will be claimed by the director and not by Mitchell. In the event that the investment is hung on trust by Mitchell for the leasers or charged to the director, it is viewed as that no manifestation of confinement, other than in Form A (if not effectively entered), can be sought unless all the enlisted owners agree to the restrictions. This is because the enthusiasm of the director or lenders will be subsidiary. While Mitchells advantage would give off an impression of being a privilege or claim in connection to an enlisted bequest (Section 42(1) (c) of the Land Registration Act 2002), the charge on or valuable interes t to his greatest advantage are one expelled from the enrolled property thus are viewed as not to be rights or claims inside segment 42(1) (c)[24]. Bibliography Bailii.org, Jones V Kernott [2011] UKSC 53 (9 November 2011) lt;https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2011/53.htmlgt; accessed 17 March 2015 Bailii.org, Stack V. Dowden (Respondent) [2007] UKHL 17 (25 April 2007) lt;https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2007/17.htmlgt; accessed 17 March 2015 Findlaw.co.uk, Joint Tenancy Vs Tenancy In Common Property Law (2014) lt;https://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/property/buying_property/500189.htmlgt; accessed 15 March 2015 Gov.uk, Joint Property Ownership GOV.UK (2015) lt;https://www.gov.uk/joint-property-ownership/overviewgt; accessed 15 March 2015 Gov.uk, Practice Guide 34: Personal Insolvency GOV.UK (2015) lt;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/personal-insolvency/practice-guide-34-personal-insolvencygt; accessed 16 March 2015 Inbrief.co.uk, Legal Interests and Equitable Interests Compared: Discretionary Nature of Equity (2015) lt;https://www.inbrief.co.uk/land-law/legal-and-equitable-interests.htmgt; accessed 16 March 2015 Inbrief.co.uk, What Is Co-Ownership? : Law of Land When Does Co-Ownership Arise? (2015) lt;https://www.inbrief.co.uk/land-law/coownership-land-law.htmgt; accessed 16 March 2015 Jamesonlaw.co.uk, Contribution-Of-Equity (2015) lt;https://www.jamesonlaw.co.uk/propertylaw/contribution-of-equity.phpgt; accessed 16 March 2015 Lawsociety.org.uk, Joint Ownership The Law Society (2013) lt;https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/support-services/advice/practice-notes/joint-ownership/gt; accessed 14 March 2015 Legislation.gov.uk, Law of Property Act 1925 lt;https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/15-16/20/enactedgt; accessed 17 March 2015 [1] Inbrief.co.uk, What Is Co-Ownership? : The Law of the Land When Does Co-Ownership Arise? (2015) [2] Inbrief.co.uk, What Is Co-Ownership? : The Law of the Land When Does Co-Ownership Arise? (2015) [3] Inbrief.co.uk, What Is Co-Ownership? : The Law of the Land When Does Co-Ownership Arise? (2015) [4] Inbrief.co.uk, What Is Co-Ownership? : The Law of the Land When Does Co-Ownership Arise? (2015) [5] Legislation.gov.uk, Law Of Property Act 1925 section 34 [6] Inbrief.co.uk, What Is Co-Ownership? : The Law of the Land When Does Co-Ownership Arise? (2015) [7] Inbrief.co.uk, What Is Co-Ownership? : The Law of the Land When Does Co-Ownership Arise? (2015) [8] Gov.uk, Joint Property Ownership GOV.UK (2015) [9] Lawsociety.org.uk, Joint Ownership The Law Society (2013) [10] Findlaw.co.uk, Joint Tenancy Vs Tenancy in Common Property Law (2014) [11] Gov.uk, Joint Property Ownership GOV.UK (2015) [12] Legislation.gov.uk, Law of Property Act 1925 S ection 36 [13] Legislation.gov.uk, Law of Property Act 1925 Section 196 [14] Inbrief.co.uk, What Is Co-Ownership? : The Law of the Land When Does Co-Ownership Arise? (2015) [15] Lawsociety.org.uk, Joint Ownership The Law Society (2013) [16] Stack V. Dowden (Respondent) [2007] UKHL 17 (25 April 2007) [17] Jones V Kernott [2011] UKSC 53 (9 November 2011) [18] Legislation.gov.uk, Law of Property Act 1925 [19] Gov.uk, Practice Guide 34: Personal Insolvency GOV.UK (2015) [20] Legislation.gov.uk, Law of Property Act 1925 [21] Gov.uk, Practice Guide 34: Personal Insolvency GOV.UK (2015) [22] Gov.uk, Practice Guide 34: Personal Insolvency GOV.UK (2015) [23] Legislation.gov.uk, Law Of Property Act 1925 [24] Gov.uk, Practice Guide 34: Personal Insolvency GOV.UK (2015)

British Airways - 3360 Words

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Right To Vote Should I Do Essay Example For Students

Right To Vote Should I Do? Essay In the constitution it says, ?the right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteenyears of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or bya State on account of age.? When asked why I think I would vote, in this upcomingelection, or any other I would have to say because it is my right. A right given to me bythe government allowing me to have a say about what goes on in our country today. IfI was eighteen I would take full advantage of the opportunity to help make the decisionof who runs our country. The statistics show that in the United States the amount of eligible voters thatactually vote is extremely low. I think this is because a lot of people think they wontmake a difference. This is the wrong attitude to have because if you dont vote youhave no right to complain. If you dont take advantage of the opportunity to have a sayin what goes on then you didnt take proper action and cant complain cause you hadthe chance to make a difference. On t he other hand there are also the people that saythey dont have time to vote but really they have plenty of time. That is no excuse. There are also a fair number of people who say they dont like either of the candidatesso they arent going to vote. I dont think this is the right view to take because even ifyou dont like the candidate maybe there is an issue that you can agree with or aparticular stand point that you can take a side on. Therefore, the freedom that is givento we, the people, to participate in the affairs of our country should be taken up on. Many wonder how to go about raising the percentage of voters. Those peoplethat think they dont make a difference should be told that there is no chance of makinga difference if you dont vote. Taking the few minutes it actually takes to put in a votecouldnt hurt and will make more of a difference than doing nothing. Potential votersthat argue they dont have the time I think they should make it available over theInternet and also extend the voting time period to accommodate more people. When I get the chance to vote, the next election, I am going to act upon myrights given to me. I want to participate in what happens in our country. Eventually,when I move out of the house all of the issues that are debated on will effect me. Ihope that I can make a difference in what happens in our country and to the people. Ihave heard a lot of my friends say that it doesnt matter because it wont effect them. That isnt true though. Issues such as, abortion, gun control, child welfare, health care,and so forth all effect the present and our future. Even if we dont have to deal withthem, our parents still do. The fact that our voting percentage has gone down over the years is very sad. Itshows how people these days dont care what happens or if they do have become toolazy to act upon it. People should become more involved and get excited about thepolitical happenings. Our country is a country people look up to and dream aboutcoming to. We dont value the fact that we have a free country and one of the fewworking democratic countries during this time. We often dont realize how lucky weare. I think sometimes a lot of people take for granted the benefits we get from ourcountry and dont realize by participating and being a good citizen how much we canimprove our system; if we take the time to assume the responsibility given to us by thetwenty-sixth amendment. It amazes me how people once fought f or liberty, justice,and freedom and now we would rather watch each other fight on TV talk showsinstead of fighting for what we believe in. It is every United States citizens right andresponsibility to participate and be involved politically. These rights are given to us forour betterment and well-being. We might as well use them and appreciate them. Bibliographyhttp://www.georgewbush.comhttp://www.dallasnews.com/specials/bush_campaignhttp://www.georgewbush.com/News.asp?FormMode=NR;ID=1756http://www.dallasnews.com/specials/bush_campaign/issues/1210bu1sh.htmhttp://www.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/04/20/campaign.school/index.htmlhttp://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/DailyNews/guns000420.html

Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson, Randolph Family Of Virginia

Jefferson Jefferson had destroyed political traditions. From his contradictions and defecting his priciples, Jefferson destroyed the political precedent and is a exemplatory hypocrite, which can be seen throughout his administration. Jefferson was an admired statesman who was grappling unsuccessfully with the moral issue of slavery. Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, opposed slavery his whole life, yet he never freed his own slaves. He championed Enlightenment principles, yet never freed himself of the prejudices of his soceity. Jefferson was extremely hypocritical in the issue of slavery. Jefferson was a plantation owner early in his life, and had slaves working for him throughout his life. Jefferson had tolerated while he didn't accept others who owned slaves. Jefferson denounced the slave owners, while he was owning and using slaves. Although Jefferson was supposedly a good slave owner, his hypocritical nature made him accuse others not to own slaves while he, himself was owning slaves. Another part of the hypocrisy was that Jefferson believed that the slaves were dependent upon the white man, while he, himself was dependent upon the slaves. Jefferson also was hypocritcal in his acquisition of the Loisiana territory. In Jeffersonian principles, large expansive governments were bad, and small was good. This was a antithesis of that principle. Jefferson knew that the acquisition of the Loisiana territory was beneficial to the welfare of the U.S. According to the constitution, nowhere in the constitution is the acquisition of land a right of the government, Jeffersons' predisposition was to strictly go by the constitution (as seen with the national bank controversy), this is another contradiction during his administration. Since the appropriation of the Lousiana territory was important for the expansion of the United States, he temporarily dismissed his principles, therefore destroying political traditions. Another hypocritical event during Jeffersons' administration was his acceptance of the National Bank. Early in Jefferson's political career, Jefferson had debated with Hamilton on whether to have the National Bank. "When this government was first established, it was possible to have kept it going on true principles, but the contracted, English, half-lettured ideas of Hamilton destroyed that hope in the bud, We can pay off his debts in 15 years." Early in Jefferson's Administration, Jefferson had denounced the National Bank. At the end of his administration, Jefferson realized that the National Bank was important and this is hypocritical by disregarding his principles. The Burr conspiracy depicted Jefferson as a ruthless, and a individual who will do anything inorder to achieve his goal. Jefferson championed civil liberties and unalienable rights. Yet, Jefferson violated civil liberties by coercing witnesses, arrested with out habeus corpus and prosecuting in a "court" of his own. Jefferson and Jeffersonians are hypocrites from the start and they destroyed political tradition as seen during Jeffersons' administration. Jeffersonians show an immense amount of hypocritism in their policies. For example, Federalists had supported high tarriffs, inorder to protect national manufacturers and American industry. The tarriffs were a vital determinent, which kept the economy of the United States viable. The Jeffersonians, not the Federalists began the American system of protecting American industry, which initially was a major constituent of the federalist platform.

Heat Capacity Worked Example Problem

Heat Capacity Worked Example Problem   Heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of a substance. This example problem demonstrates how to calculate heat capacity. Problem: Heat Capacity of Water from Freezing to Boiling Point What is the heat in joules required to raise the temperature of 25 grams of water from 0 C to 100 C? What is the heat in calories? Useful information: specific heat of water 4.18 J/g ·Ã‚ °CSolution: Part I Use the formula q mcΔTwhereq heat energym massc specific heatΔT change in temperatureq (25 g)x(4.18 J/g ·Ã‚ °C)[(100 C - 0 C)]q (25 g)x(4.18 J/g ·Ã‚ °C)x(100 C)q 10450 JPart II4.18 J 1 caloriex calories 10450 J x (1 cal/4.18 J)x calories 10450/4.18 caloriesx calories 2500 caloriesAnswer:10450 J or 2500 calories of heat energy are required to raise the temperature of 25 grams of water from 0 C to 100 C. Tips for Success The most common mistake people make with this calculation is using incorrect units. Make certain temperatures are in Celsius. Convert kilograms to grams.Be mindful of significant figures, particularly when working problems for homework or an exam.

Most popular places across the globe

Most popular places across the globe 6 most visited countries in the world You can be a fan of man-made wonders and love nature from the distance, but you will certainly take these sights into account next time you are planning your journey abroad. With powerful economics and growing tourist sector, they are sure to remain major visiting spots anytime you book a ticket. Thailand. Crystal clear water, sandy beaches and palm trees make Thailand a delectable destination for tourists, who are looking for some kind of adventure. Temples of ancient Hindu and Buddhist gods are everywhere, and you can get your fair share of spiritual experience by visiting one of the local museums and archeological sites. What is more, Thai people are usually very generous and welcoming towards visitors, flooding their country annually, and the main sites will expect more than 100 million tourists the next year. United Kingdom. Despite political inconveniences that have been occurring in the capital of the UK lately and have caused major backlash from the country’s leading parties, London still remains one of the most visited cities in the world. Its multinational community, combined with eccentric British taste, won’t leave you cold, and the rainy local weather will remind you of the days when Arthur Conan Doyle wrote his masterpieces. The old school style and thriving night life make the country a hot spot for tourists, who are looking for a good adventure and a touch of history. Germany. Apart from being loved by its own people, Germany attracts millions of tourists every year. Some say the reasons are simple: it is not only an affordable destination, but also one of the safest. Germany has the lowest criminal rate among European countries and can boast employment opportunities for students, who want to combine profit and leisure. Foreigners love the country for its natural resources as well, distinguishing protected areas like the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and the Jasmund National Park. Italy. Many people confess they dream of visiting Italy on a daily basis. With its renowned Mediterranean cuisine and lazy, laid-back Southern lifestyle, this country steadily becomes one of the most desirable in terms of tourism. For those, who would like to bathe in the sun and listen to the waves, crashing on the shore, Italy will be undoubtedly a holiday destination of a century. Luxurious hotels and historical sites in cities like Florence, Venice and Milan have a culture of their own and welcome visitors from around the world. If you are in love with the Renaissance period and art history, you will be delighted to explore the sights that include Colosseum and Roman Forum. Moreover, a guide will always be near to show you around, and even if you do not speak the language, locals are normally friendly towards foreigners. China. You may have heard about the Great Wall of China, but do you know there is a lot more to this country than meets the eye? Other fantastic destinations include the Shaolin Temple, the Huangguoshu Waterfall and the Forbidden City, a romantic and ghostly spot right in the middle of the country, where east and west meet. We cannot speak for all the tourists across the globe, but the majority of those, who ever visited China, said it was the most groundbreaking experience of their lifetime. Not only does this country preserve old traditions and honors the gods of their ancestors, it also resembles a perfect mixture of ancient and contemporary, a combination, thrilling for any traveler with experience. United States. On a global scale, the USA stands second to none in terms of tourism and tourist attractions. Its main destinations are the Grand Canyon, Hawaiian beaches and lagoons with crystal clear water. Educational tourism is a main source of income in more than thirty states, and Hawaiian summers bring millions of dollars to the national treasury. With this number steadily growing, America can be proudly named one of the most popular countries for travelers and adventure-seekers across the globe.

Nursing and Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing and Leadership - Assignment Example Despite that, there are a few challenges which are faced in the department. The interviewed Director of Nursing (DON) stated that the lack of LTC taught courses/classes to new graduate students is one of the challenges that they do face and that has to be resolved with immediate effect. This is due to the fact that the ratio of individuals at the centre who need LTC is higher than the staffs that are available to offer it. As a result, some inconveniences and hitches do occur while propagating for effective LTC. In a bid to counter the LTC problem, the leadership that is prevalent in the nursing department matters a lot. If the leadership is based on morale and productivity, then that will yield success in offering LTC to patients else more challenges are prone to be faced on a daily basis. With that, there are a number of leadership styles that can be practiced in the nursing department. However, these depend entirely on variables such as people and the environment. Some of the lead ership styles include: Democratic: This is one of the best leadership styles that a nursing department can incorporate. It advocates for the inclusion of the nurses in the decision making process. This makes them feel motivated as well as part and parcel of the health care facility committee. However, the senior nurse makes the final decisions; Authoritative: This style of leadership is stricter as compared to the democratic leadership style. The senior nurse makes all the decisions without the inclusion of the other nurses. Additionally, the senior nurse gives orders to be done and there is very close supervision of the nurses in the department. This is not the best approach to implement in a nursing environment. The nurses may feel de-motivated, neglected and they may lack innovation in their line of work; Affiliative: This leadership style is focussed on people (nurses). It ensures that the nurses have a satisfactory working environment so that they can deliver superior care serv ices to patients. This style is best to boost morale in the nurses. However, the senior nurse may lack their authoritative figure. Based on the response of the DON, the most effective and efficient leadership styles that ought to be incorporated are the democratic and affiliative leadership styles. In a bid to support this, Goleman (2000) suggested that leaders should incorporate a variety of leadership styles and focus on those that are fruitful. Some of the leadership skills that go hand in hand with good leadership styles include: Interpersonal skills - Which incorporate the aspects of managing the different and unique cultural diversities in the department. It is important for a leader to have the right knowledge while dealing with different cultures since a health care centre is a home to all types of people regardless of their ethnicity background; Democratic skills; Listening skills, Problem solving skills – Which help to solve problems without encountering big risks, Time management skills and Motivational skills. If a leader has a number of the mentioned skills,

Do Student-Athletes in College Look At Their Coaches As Parent Figure Research Proposal

Do Student-Athletes in College Look At Their Coaches As Parent Figure - Research Proposal Example As the paper discusses with many of research studies in the theme of relationship between a coach and the athletic students in schools focusing on the leadership attributes and the moral and ethical relations, few studies have focused on the acceptable mode of handling the athletes by the coaches. With such perceptions as have been shown to hold in people’s views concerning the way that coach-student relationship should be, there lacks a standard tool on which the interactions and attitudes towards each other should be understood. There exists a gap in literature on whether students perceive their coaches as parent figures or not and what would be the factors that influence such perceptions. The lack of such literature from past studies and related academic materials shows the necessity to have a structured study into the theme in order to shape future studies and understanding of the theme. This study is aimed at establishing a qualitative justification through research study on whether the athletic students in colleges perceive their coaches as parents or not. This study is aimed at establishing whether student-athletes perceive their coaches as parents or otherwise through a qualitative analysis of the opinions by the athletes. The study is also focused on bridging the gap that currently exists between the literatures on student coach perceptions especially in the athletics and contribute towards shaping future research studies in the theme.

Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem Essay Example for Free

Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem Essay Following the Geneva conference in1954, an agreement was signed to end the First Indochina war. The agreements also lead to the temporary division of the Democratic of Vietnam into two sub- countries separated along the Laotian border next to the 17th parallel. To the north was the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and its capital in Hanoi and to the south was the Republic of Vietnam and its capital was in Saigon. The leader of the north was Ho Chi Minh and the south was lead by Ngo Dihn Diem. The two leaders possess different skills and ideologies, however with the common target of uniting Vietnam, leading it to freedom. In this paper, an evaluation of the two leaders basing on the context of the Vietnam society will be made, about their leadership styles that lead them to win the hearts and minds of their subjects and consequently support for their initiatives (Schandler, 2009). Ho Chi Minh is a political genius. He fools the people of Vietnam to support his cause through propaganda, terror and betraying even his close friends to form the Communist movement in Vietnam. He even tricks the patriotic solders and makes them to rebel, thinking that they are doing it for the benefit of Vietnam. A good example is the Hue Massacre in 1968. They seize the city of central Vietnam, killing thousands of innocent people, due to them inhabiting the southern Vietnam (Moss, 1990). Even though he commits all these, he is capable of creating good impression to the people of Vietnam and the whole world at large. He manages to mobilize the people in the west through his propagandas. As a result, the person protests the south and praised the north. They are not able to discover his ill motives, but mistook him as good leader with good morals vision (Catino, 2010). He is deceptive and canning. He always wore a smiley face that could easily deceive the masses to think that he has the interest of Vietnam in his mind. He even insinuates that is major aim is to free the people of Vietnam from  the colonial chains of The French. However, his only major aim is to liberate t he nation and leads it to prosperity and development. In 1945, when he returns to Vietnam, he is chosen to lead Viet Minh. Here he convinces many of the leaders by claiming that it is the revolutionary group whose intention is to end the French invaders. He has massive support, and when they win the French at Dien Binh in 1954, Ho Chi Minh is accorded all the praises and seen as a hero (Catino, 2010). Ngo Dinh Diem portrays himself as an honest and courageous leader. He shows his prowess in blocking the French from dominating his homeland. Ngo is equipped with genuine liabilities and his political base is developed through his own family that has high esteem and reputation (Moss, 1990). Also, Ngo Dinh Diem having stayed in the US, has gained him personality and experience from the influential politicians and reputable church leaders like senator Mike Mansfield and the cardinal of catholic church by the name Francis Spellman. This has made him the prime minister and also enjoys the massive support from the Vietnamese people (Moss, 1990). Ngo Dinh Diem is a determined and hardworking leader. He is very muc h focused in closely working with The United States military to in building the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces. The chief reason for this is to create a strong defense at the northern border, against the inversion North Vietnamese. Initiating the creation of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) in 1963 and also providing the United States for the South Vietnamese is a good indication of his effort and hard work (Moss, 1990). Although he is challenged with the political instability, his determination won the hearts of many people in not only the Southern Vietnam and the entire Vietnam community. Personal leadership was a major factor in reuniting the country following the war. Ngo Dinh Diem and Ho Chi Minh were able to achieve growth and transformational processes as indicated by the conscious decisions they made in uniting the country (Schandler, 2009). Through personal change the leaders played a major role in developing and ensuring an enlightened life that was more meaningful, full of self-awareness, purpose-driven as well as being socially responsible. Overall the leaders embraced vital lessons of personal leadership, which inspired the people to have deep reflection and indoctrination of positive aspects into everyday lives. The personal leadership had positive transformation of the Vietnamese society and had  positive implications on the world around (Moss, 1990). It is clear from the discussion above that various skills and ideologies of the two discussed leaders contributed greatly to the reunion of Vietnam. Though their policies differed, their creativity and diligent leadership styles won the hearts of Vietnamese people, and the entire Continent of Asia. The Vietnamese embraced their leadership and consequently support for their leadership initiatives. They maintained political stability and achieved their dream of uniting the people of Vietnam (Catino, 2010). References Catino, M. S. (2010). Peaceful ActivitiesNorth VietnamsInverson of the South. The Aggressors: Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam, and the Communist Bloc (p. 86 87). WashingtonD.C: Dog Ear Publishing, . Moss, G. (1990). America’s Diem Experiment The Formation of Seato, . Vietnam, an American ordeal (6th edition ed., p. 24). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall Schandler, H. Y. (2009). The enemy. America in Vietnam: the war that couldnt be won (p. 14). Lanham, Md.: Rowman Littlefield Publishers.

Interracial America :: Racial Relations, People of Color, Asians

Lakshmi Chaundhry is a senior editor of AlterNet, an independent, alternative online news magazine. He thinks that people of different races falling in love, is a â€Å"luxury we can’t afford.†(158) Meanwhile, Andrew Sullivan a contributing writer for New York Times Magazine and senior editor of the New Republic thinks that interracial marriages break barriers and make people happier which in turn makes them more successful. Sullivan thinks, â€Å"If the rate of inter-racial marriages increases, the next generation may well not identify as ‘black’ or ‘white’ at all.†(158) â€Å"To avoid frustration, self-loathing, and anger, people of color should be discouraged from entering interracial romantic relationships,† claims Chaundry.(158) Chaundry suggests that people should stay away from interracial relationships. One of his main reasons is because not everyone will have someone. He feels that everyone picks and chooses. Chaundry states that it’s a â€Å"racial hierarchy.† â€Å"Anglos squarely are at the top.†(159) The Anglos determine who is hot and who is not. One of his arguments is about Asians. â€Å"Asians just don’t cut the list,† states Chaundry. (159) There will be no women for the Asian guy. â€Å"’We’re at the bottom of the pile, right along with black women.’†(159) Even Hollywood shows this. â€Å"In ‘Shanghai Knights,’ actress Fann Wong is matched with Owen Wilson instead of Jackie Chan, who is conveniently cast as her brother.†(159) Hollywood is send ing the message that Asian men are not wanted. â€Å"No women for the Asian guy.†(159) This affects the life of people. Henry says, â€Å"’It means a lot of loneliness, a lot of Friday nights without a date.’†(159) Being lonely leads these men to have â€Å"’an obsession with pornography.’† (160) Not having anyone for them affects the lives of these Asian men. On the contrary, â€Å"Asian women have a better shot at getting some white booty.†(160) This is called a â€Å"cultural leverage.†(160). A cultural leverage is when one sex isn’t really accepted culturally but the other sex can get anyone they desire. The Asian woman has more sexual options. The Asian man is limited to very few choices. â€Å"The men in my community want the right to do the same.†(160) This is a problem that the Asian man faces according to Chaudhry and her resources. â€Å"I spent my teen years falling in and out of love with a number of seriously cute Indian boys.†(161) She grew up in Indian where she refers to it as â€Å"[having] harsher realities of race.†(161) When she moved back to America she was judged by a white person for her marriage.

Advocacy in Human Services Essay

Under the Rainbow Inc. began when a group of four socially conscious people discovered a dire need for quality, unbiased welfare support without prejudice or borders and became an ‘incorporated association’ in February 2007. Since its inception, Under the Rainbow Inc. has been committed to excellence in the delivery of social welfare services based on their principles of charity, care and compassion. A range of services designed to promote independence and to enhance quality of life are provided by Under the Rainbow, all of which encompass care and support of local community members, in particular those who require relief from poverty and/or the dependents of any such persons. Advocacy is the primary role of case managers’ who volunteer at Under The Rainbow and in this human service setting and any other it is essential for services to be provided accurately. This essay will define advocacy in a human services context as well as discuss the type of advocacy that is beneficial to clients in this chosen human service setting. In conclusion, this essay will also describe issues that Under The Rainbow have encountered whilst implementing advocacy and change and the way the current political climate can effect their ability to engage in advocacy and deliver quality human services. Whilst the definition of advocacy in general is broad, in human service and social work practice advocacy is essentially the process of protecting human rights or to change discriminatory or abusive treatment to the vulnerable, whether working with an individual or a group (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 1998). Human service workers all act as advocates in the course of their work (Sorensen and Black, 2001) and the Australian Association of Social Workers ‘Code of Ethics’ (2002) supports this view citing, ‘The social worker will advocate for changes in policy, service delivery and social conditions which enhance the opportunities for those most vulnerable in the community’ however Forbat and Atkinson (2005) argue that advocacy is ‘not social work, but its principles and values resonate closely’. Regardless of ones  definition, the ‘key concept’ in the notion of any type of advocacy, is that it requires at least three parties: the client, the advocate and ‘the other side’ (School of Health and Human Services, 2007). Literature suggests that the differing types of advocacy seem as broad as its definition and a number of different types of advocacy exist, however within Under the Rainbow’s human service framework they are predominately concerned with ‘individual’ or ‘case’ advocacy. According to Hepworth & Larsen (1993), case advocacy is a way to ‘obtain resources or services for clients that would not otherwise be provided’ and this theory underlies Under the Rainbows belief that to advocate for a client is ‘to bring about some form of personal and/or social change’ (School of Health and Human Services, 2007). Under the Rainbow is a voluntary community based organisation which now boasts a membership of sixty-five individuals, many of whom work with clients as advocates for change. The goal for each volunteer who manages cases for Under the Rainbow is to promote fair, equal, and humane treatment through fundraising, charity provision (food and clothing), welfare work and social action against injustice for the disadvantaged. Under the Rainbow’s social work practice is mainly concerned with implementing changes in the local community to assist in poverty relief to predominately ‘voluntary’ clients (Barker, 1991), though some are referred. While the majority of Under the Rainbows’ charity work is concerned with ‘lending a hand’ materially and financially, they also work one-on-one with clients to determine why they ‘needed a hand’ in the first place and therefore consider both aspects of their human service delivery forms of ‘advocating’. However there is some argument as to whether charity and advocating is in fact the same thing. The assertion by L’Hirondelle (2002) that charity work ‘simply means offering one-on-one help without effort to give people the opportunity to participate in working with others to change their situation’ is challenged at Under the Rainbow who believe ’empowerment’ of a client is both valuable and essential. Individuals who seek help from Under the Rainbow often see themselves as ‘powerless’ and unable to make changes in their lives and sadly, those who are discriminated against, are often the most vulnerable. Under the Rainbow clients can be distinguished by many inequalities involving social issues in areas such as power, authority, and wealth, working and living conditions, health, lifestyle, gender, education, religion, and culture. Because the nature of Under the Rainbow is predominately a charity, they realise some of the clients who ask for welfare assistance will not want to be involved in any further actions for changing their situation and staff may only be required to ‘advocate’ once. However, they know from experience there are just as many of their clients who will want to get involved and connect with others in order to work together for social and personal ’empowerment’. To clarify empowerment further, Shulman (2005) states that the empowerment process involves ‘engaging the client, family, group, or community in developing strengths to personally and politically cope’ and a number of ’empowerment’ workshops and programmes covering issues such as budgeting, self-esteem and parenting are implemented at Under the Rainbow to facilitate this. Clients also often need help when dealing with other agencies and a Justice of the Peace service and help with letter writing, telephone and electronic correspondence is also offered. Often clients feel they have been treated unfairly by other advocacy and law agency’s and challenging another organisation’s reasoning, on a clients behalf or as an individual can be referred to as ‘persuasion advocacy’ (Reardon, 2001). Many times writing a letter or involving law enforcement agencies to negotiate a point has been successful for Under the Rainbow and their clients to further instil ’empowerment’. Therefore, Under the Rainbow staff believe offering an individual help, whether through the distribution of groceries or an activity similar to the ones discussed above, is seen as empowerment for social change. Under the Rainbow ‘advocate’ for and ’empower’ their clients, bringing people together where they are then able to take action to change their situation. Schneider  & Lester (2001) include empowerment in their definition as part of the practice of advocacy and conclude that ‘this value is based on the belief that individuals have strengths to acquire knowledge, become assertive, and develop skills, and through social work advocacy, these strengths can be set in motion’. Vanessa, who has worked with Under the Rainbow for nine months states, ‘when I interview clients, I encourage and pay attention to the capable person I see in front of me. My focus as an advocate is never on their previous history, as there is nothing I can do personally to change it. The importance for me is what the client wants from life and how it can be achieved’ (Pers comm. 2/4/08). Whilst working as an advocate Vanessa does not expect nor require a client to self-disclose, however they usually do, which Vanessa defines as a relationship based on trust and mutual respect. Respecting the privacy rights and confidentiality of Under the Rainbow’s clients is extremely important and they believe that excellent ethical conduct must be practiced in order to be a credible community advocate. Cultural, language, disability and other accommodations are also provided for. If personal conflicts of interest should occur the advocate will step aside and ask for help from another party. As Under the Rainbow is are self-regulating, ethical decision-making and the process of critical reflection, evaluation and judgment ‘through which a practitioner resolves ethical issues, problems and dilemmas’ (Trevino, 1986) is extremely important in both a personal and professional context. As well as individual and personal advocating, dissolving barriers and building a sense of community on a local level, Under The Rainbow promote ‘global consciousness’ and pride themselves on their broad worldview and high awareness of the inter-relatedness and sacredness of all living things. All Under the Rainbow Inc. members are active, both personally and professionally, in many social arenas confronting a broad range of social and political issues. Advocacy of this type, which refers to a connection with social movements’, is known as ‘activist’ or ’cause’ advocacy (Healy, 2000) and often involves ‘active criticism of or engagement with government  policies and practices’ (School of Health and Human Services, 2007). Many members of Under the Rainbow have strong lobbying and media skills and some of their more prominent contributions and support include subscriptions and memberships to other advocacy groups and organisations such as New Internationalist Magazine, Bush Heritage Australia, Amnesty International and Greenpeace as well as Indigenous organisations, animal and environmental protection groups and interests in many other diverse global activist platforms. Under the Rainbow has also purchased and helped plant thousands of trees in South East Queensland through the Queensland Folk Federation at the Woodford Folk Festival site. Under the Rainbow is self-sufficient and as yet to receive any government funding. Relying on donations from its members and the general public to support their services is successful, but often unpredictable and can cause frustration when resources are limited. However, being an incorporated association means that Under the Rainbow is only accountable to themselves, their donors, members, clients and community. Not being affiliated with any government, church or social agency means they are not subject to any other types of accountability usually required under public auspice and this is preferable. Under the Rainbows projects, which are both broad and long-range, draw only on individual and group advocacy skills from its membership pool, preferring to remain exclusive and not out-source help from other agencies. In recent years, new set of ideas, such as advocacy, consumerism, empowerment, participation, and anti-discriminatory practices have all influenced social work practice and this has had an impact on social work values. This new set of ideas is referred to as ‘radical values’ (Adams et al, 2002) and are concerned with challenging oppression and discrimination, it is within this value system that Under the Rainbow continues to operate. Advocacy is essentially the process of standing up for the rights of others who are being unfairly treated (Sorenson and Black, 2001) and has the potential to bring significant and sustainable change for the better. It can  empower individuals and communities and generate many resources whilst bringing diverse organisations together to work on common issues. Effective advocacy takes specific skills, commitment, effort, resources, perseverance, wisdom and collaboration all of which are faced by the Under the Rainbow volunteers on a daily basis. The case managers at Under the Rainbow realise they need to successfully master the skills needed to be an advocate, which takes time and experience. They are also aware that learning to be persuasive and using resources available to them will increase their level of competence and better assure a positive outcome for both themselves and their clients. I am proud to be a member of Under the Rainbow and my involvement in the challenging albeit very rewarding endeavours to facilitate advocacy for change in this small but powerful association. REFERENCE LIST Adams, R., Dominelli, L., & Payne, M., (2002). Social Work, Themes, Issues and Critical Debates (2nd ed.), Palgrave, Basingstoke. Australian Association of Social Workers (2002), Code of Ethics, Retrieved April 2nd, 2008, AASW Website: http://www.aasw.asn.au/adobe/about/AASW_Code_of_EthicsCorey, G., Corey, M., & Callanan, P., (1998). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions, Brooks/Cole, USA. Forbat, L., & Atkinson, D., (2005). Advocacy in Practice: The Troubled Position of Advocates in Adult Services, British Journal of Social Work, 35:3, pp. 321-335Healy, K., (2000). Social Work Practices: Contemporary Perspectives on Change, Sage, London. Hepworth, D., & Larsen, J., (1993). Direct Social Work Practice: Theory andSkills (4th ed.) The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois. Trevino, L.K., (1986). Ethical Decision making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interactionist Model, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 601-617. L’Hirondelle, C., (2002), Characteristics of Remedial Work vs. Social Change, Retrieved April 4th 2008, Victorian Status of Women (SWAG) Website: http://pacificcoast.net/~swag/index.htmlReardon, K.K., (1991), Persuasion in Practice, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, California. Schneider, R.L., & Lester, L., (2001). ‘Advocacy: A New Definition’, Social Work Advocacy, Brooks/Cole Publishing, Pacific Grove: California. School of Health and Human Services, (2007). Study Guide: Advocacy and Change, Southern Cross University, Lismore. Shulman, L., (2005). Skills of Helping Individuals, Families, Groups and Communities, Wadsworth Publishing Company, USA. Sorenson, H., & Black, L., (2001). Advocacy and Ageing, Australasian Journal on Aging, Vol. 20.3, Supplement 2, pp. 27-34.

Different kinds of management challenges Essay

1. Use the chapter material to decide what different kinds of management challenges Bob Iger faced as he took control of managing Walt Disney. Disney today under Bob Iger, who took over as chief executive in 2005, Disney is enjoying the remarkable and profitable run of hit TV programmes and films. However, there are many challenges he has faced since 2005 when he became president and chief executive officer of Disney, the world’s largest media conglomerate. When he took over Disney on 2005, he had to face economic problem which is really burden for a new manager like him. Before Bob Iger took over Disney, Disney’s interactive division is losing money and the film division has had some bombs. The speed of economic changes makes Disney management becomes more challenging. However, Bob Iger manage to pull out Disney from economic crisis after the messy governance struggle in 2005. Thanks to Bob Iger that we able to watch cartoon series and quality films now. Not quite with it, Bob Iger continues to face management problems. Iger took over the helm at Disney at a particularly challenging time, when the California-based media conglomerate was in the midst of a divisive battle that had pitted previous CEO Michael Eisner against Roy Disney, nephew of founder Walt Disney. Iger had worked for years under Eisner as the company’s chief operating officer and faced his own sceptics after taking over the company’s top post. As he runs the big business, he faced a big problem to find the right managers and leave them alone. Walking the tightrope between extending Disney’s brands and knowing when to leave well enough alone is a tricky challenge for him. When Iger took over the top job, his ability also despised by the board. The board looked at outsider before giving the CEO post to Iger because they underestimate iger’s ability to manage Disney well. Their perceptions changed suddenly when Iger showed up at his first board meeting with a plan to buy Pixar. Iger bravely came out with the idea to buy Pixar which is the company that  had stolen the mantle of animation away from Disney. Iger came out with three ideas which is one to keep the status quo. The second was to find someone new to run the studio. The third was to buy Pixar. However, Iger onced again had to face problem when the price of Pixar was very expensive and he did not know if it was for sale or not. When Iger brokered a deal to buy Pixar in 2006, there was so much controversy. Bob Iger continue to encounter problems when the company is going to take a $200 million write-down on the film John Carter which is one of the most colossal bombs in movie history. Disney financial problems continue to face problems when in 2011, the studio business responsible for just 16% of Disney’s fiscal 2011 revenue and 7% of operating profits. This is another challenges that faced by Bob Iger while he manage Disney. Bob Iger also facing the problems when he announced that he would step down as CEO in March 2015 and stay as the chairman until June 2016. His resignation got oppose by many others people and many Disney watchers got surprised by that. Even though he brings many successful to Disney, it just nt easy as he had to face many problems and tricky challenges during his server with Disney.

People Power Politica

People Power Politica Free Online Research Papers In the reading the â€Å"Radical Individualism† which is derived from the book the American Democratic in Peril the issue of individualism in the American tradition was discussed. The definition of individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses independence and self-reliance. This reading states that America unlike the majority of other nations is based on political ideas or as quoted in the reading â€Å"The America Creed† in others says that America is not held together by common backgrounds, ethnicities or religious beliefs but is bound by the symbolism and the impact of events that made America the nation it is. Almost like a pre established code. Prior historical events are the reason we interact and live in unisons like the things we fought for in this country. Politics, equality and individualism were major thing that people have been fighting for, for years in America and throughout the world. Many individuals stood and fought for many different things that they believed in, in America. Alexis de Tocqueville, who was a French derived political thinker and historian visited the United States and interpreted our way of life. In fact it was stated in the reading that he was the force behind the word individualism used to describe the domineers of the people in America. I find it very interesting that Tocqueville would come to America and analyze us as a people without seeing everyone in America. I also was impressed by the way he presented both sides of his story in depth. Tocqueville was amazed by what he had saw during his visit to America. I was also intrigued by the fact that he honestly felt that America would be doomed by radical individualism but at the same time liked the idea of individualism. He felt that people or individuals rather loved being individual because of the ideas of social class mobility, you could be what you wanted to be, there where no limitations, and the possibility of becoming very rich. This also was the reason that many immigrants migrated to America for the American dream in a sense. Immigrants felt that they could come to America and if they worked hard enough they could become wealthy. Every individual felt that they had there future in there own hand. With saying this Tocqueville feared for America as a successful democracy because he felt that an one individual would acquire and attitude that everything is their own. Tocqueville felt that individualism was every affect in democracy but if it was taken to far it woul d override democracy. He felt that the individual would turn into what he called â€Å"egoism† egoism is â€Å"a condition that leads a person to think of all things in terms of himself and to prefer himself to all†. He feared this would cause a disconnecting with society. I disagree with this because as individual as many people are when the same things affect a numerous amount of people they natural come together and it becomes a public issue not a private issue anymore and this brings upon interconnectedness. I feel that it isn’t realistic that an individual would be able to take over a whole state. The fact that he feels that a feeling or what he called â€Å"habits of the heart† which he states is â€Å"the unconscious feelings and attitudes, or the whole moral and intellectual state of the people† would be one of the main reasons that the American democracy would stand strong is very interesting to me. I was surprised that he didn’t think the social Research Papers on People Power Politica19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and CanadaHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West Meet

Why You Need Social Proof

Why You Need Social Proof It happened seven years ago, but Ive not forgotten the story. Famous violinist plays at public location on Stradivarius violin, barely anyone notices. A Stradivarius Violin. You think people would notice who was playing it. That wasnt the exact headline, but it could have been. The world-renowned violinist in question was Joshua Bell, and the location was the LEnfant Plaza Metro Station in Washington D.C. Bell stood, with his violin case open, and played some of the most difficult violin pieces without much reaction from anyone. As I read the 2007 article in The Washington Post about their experiment on whether people would react to Bell (whose concerts are far from free), I was frustrated. What is wrong with people? I thought. Why wouldnt people stop and listen? This isnt the first time where people have not noticed when something important was happening right in front of them. Most recently, graffiti artist Banksy set up a booth in New Yorks Central Park and sold paintings that would normally go for $31,000 for just $60. An unknown elderly man was in the booth to sell the paintings, and only three people ended up buying them. How do people miss out on recognizing a great musician or high-priced art like this?  It has to do with social proof, and context. What Is Social Proof? A few months ago, a reader had pointed out that there werent a lot of comments on our blog. You need them for social proof! he said. While I enjoy seeing comments on our blog posts, it hadnt occurred to me there was a reason to want them beyond enjoying discussion. Was he right? Was a lack of comments a bigger problem? In Robert Cialdinis article Six Principles Of Influence  (PDF), which covers techniques and qualities that people can use to convince other people to act in a certain way, social proof is number three on the list. Social proof is, quite simply, where you and I replicate the actions of those around us in the current situation, because we assume that is the correct behavior. 1. Social Proof Is A Shortcut If most people are doing something, we can rest assured that if we do the same we wont: Look stupid and stand out. Commit an unforgivable faux pas. Have to think if we should or shouldnt; the rest of the group did that thinking for us. Relying on social proof is easy in a day full of decisions to make. Are the rest of my co-workers staying late? Then I will. Did they leave early? Then I can, too. Social proof is a shortcut in the thought process. We dont have to think. The others already did (we assume). 2. Social Proof Is An Endorsement If I see a restaurant with many diners in it, I assume its a pretty good place to eat. If there is no one inside, then surely there must be something wrong with the place. I assume that other people know something that I dont know, and so I take their opinion on the restaurant–and how they vote with their feet–as the basis for my decision. When many people take part in something, it tells me that I ought to, too. I dont want to be left out (a huge fear for most people) and despite what my mother told me growing up (just because everyone is doing it doesnt mean you have to!), we are inclined to do what everyone else is doing. Social proof tells us what we out to do, because other people are doing so with apparent success and enjoyment. Social proof is using the crowd to convince others to join in.3. Social Proof Tells Me Right And Wrong Cialdini also talks about social proof in his book Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, and he  suggests that [o]ne means we use to determine what is correct is to find out what other people think is correctWe view a behavior as more correct in a given situation to the degree that we see others performing it (116). Remember, one of the reasons people share content on social media is to ask for help in understanding how they should feel about it. We take cues on how to think about something by observing how others think about it. Social proof is similar; what others do tells me whether something is right or wrong. Social proof lets us off the hook when it comes to what seems right and wrong. We go along with the crowd, who has decided that for us. From the 1963 film Lord of the Flies. Criterion Collection. Allowing social proof to determine right and wrong is not necessarily a good thing. Consider examples of crowds or businesses (or children,   la Lord of the Flies) going off the rails and down the path of terrible ethics and actions. At the conclusion, we wonder how they could have veered so far off the path when all along they were using social proof as their guideline for what was acceptable. When the group around you has lower standards for what is right and wrong, it wont be long before you will, too. 4. Social Proof Works Best With Peers Its not necessarily any old crowd that can get us to do something. Sure, well take a strangers word for it when it comes to online reviews or whether or not theyre eating at a restaurant, but even then we put much more weight on the word of our peers. If five people ate at a restaurant? Interesting. If five friends did? Im sold. We listen to people on the same level as ourselves. Influence is often best exerted horizontally rather than vertically. – Robert B. Cialdini According to Cialdini, science supports what most sales professionals already know: Testimonials from satisfied customers work best when the satisfied customer and the prospective customer share similar circumstances. Well follow along with the crowd best if it is our crowd. The Herd Mentality Of Social Proof Painting of a buffalo jump by Alfred Jacob Miller, from Wikipedia. Social proof, as a reality of how groups of people act, is a bit disturbing. Near the farm where I grew up in northeast North Dakota, an elderly man collected rocks and other interesting finds hed come across on his land. I went to interview him for the newspaper that I was working for at the time, and spent several hours looking and listening to a fascinating history as seen through the eyes of geology. The best rock he saved for last. It was huge, and was outside in his flowerbed. Its surface was rough, except for one side which was polished smooth and shone in the sun. I found this near the buffalo jump, he said, gesturing to the rock as we stood in front of it. Theres a small one nearby. A buffalo jump? I asked. I wasnt sure what he meant. The Native Americans would drive a herd of buffalo over a cliff or into a ravine, he explained. The buffalo would tumble over the edge and be rendered immobile. They could then kill them easily. It was much more efficient. He described the buffalo jump hed found on his property, a ravine littered with bones that would frequently surface at spring thaw or with even mildly ambitious prodding around. He pointed to the rock, with its strangely smooth side. There were several of these rocks, lined up to the edge like the lines on the highway. These rocks helped them guide the buffalo to the correct area, and they were worn smooth from the animals rubbing against them. What does a buffalo jump have to do with social proof? We are the same as the buffalo, in a sense. We make decisions based on assumptions from the social cues around us rather than thinking. Im sure you believe you are above having a herd mentality, and that you make decisions based on careful thought, but the truth is that most of us dont. More often than not were functioning on default, i.e. not consciously deciding. We are letting other factors tell us how to decide, rather than thinking things through. The buffalo herd ran right off a cliff. Individually, they might not have, but as a large group in which all of the rest of the animals were doing it, they did, too.  In other words, we follow crowds, and to the extremes. Why didnt people notice the violinist, or realize the art on the street was worth so much? Because no one else did. The musician and the art werent in the proper context (concert hall, gallery). No one made the connection. Even those who did think something worthwhile was happening convinced themselves they were wrong because  no one else  was reacting. Its the bizarre  bystander effect, where the more people there are around, the less likely youll get help if you need it. Everyone can see theres something happening, but no one takes action until someone takes action which is a catch 22. How Do I Use Social Proof? As a content marketer, you need to know how to use your content to get people to act in a particular way. You need to find a way to tap into something that prompts them to listen to you, and using social proof is a way to do that without extensive work and effort. If you can get a few, you can get many, many more. You dont have to individually target all 100 people in a group. Just get 20, and the other 80 will follow. According to writer Aileen Lee, there are five kinds of social proof: Expert: Approval from credible experts. Celebrity: Approval from people we admire. User: Approval from people like me, doing what Im doing. Crowds: All of those people cant be wrong! Friends: Approval from those I trust. Each of these five types fits into the idea of how we listen to our peers. 1. Find The Right Spokesperson If you are trying to convince a group of teenagers that they shouldnt skateboard on your propertys concrete barriers, good luck. They probably wont listen. Youd be better off finding another teenage skateboarder that they respect to do the convincing. We listen to those we perceive as being on our same level. What is the audience you are trying to reach? Who is it made of? For , our audience includes people who use WordPress blogs, are serious about content marketing, and make heavy use of social media (or people who want to be like that). Finding regular people who are doing exactly that are more convincing as a spokesperson than all the slickest PR we might possibly generate, or having Huge Gigantic Corporation say I use . Its why we retweet comments on Twitter from users who are excited about , or why we share testimonials with photos and links.  Were showing our audience that others, just like you, use and love . Find a spokesperson who has the same experiences and speaks the same language as your audience. 2. Capitalize On The Identity Your Audience Wants I am certainly not close friends with celebrities, but I might  identify  with them or something they represent. There is no other reason for me to listen to a famous person who is otherwise wholly removed from my life, other than I am attributing a quality or identity to them that I want, also.

Philosophy Inquiry Study Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy Inquiry Study Review - Assignment Example The study aimed at evaluating the existing differences in responses particularly from the black children as compared to the other children in the classrooms chosen for the study. This objective involved the role of questioning in socialization and  language. Variation of questions  was evaluated  in  proportion  to other types of responses or utterances contained in the three circumstances, as well as the uses of different questions and the assumptions on the functions of questions as established by the author. The objective of the research work was to  indicate  verbal strategies, and how the resultant ethnographic data in the home and community settings could be applied in comparing the collected data in the functions of  language  studies carried out in the classrooms. The research involved collecting  information  beyond the confines of the classroom, i.e. the interactions at the children’s  home  and also the teachers’ homes. This provided the  right  criteria for effective schooling ethnography. The research also aimed at demonstrating the desirability of long term  research  as shown in the author intermittently engaging health in the study for a period of 5 years. The study also aimed at demonstrating the  utility  of incorporating a  clear  frame of reference for use in the study.  The frame of reference used for this particular study was the ethnography of communication and language socialization.  These two elements are recent developments are interdisciplinary in cultural anthropology. The study also had direct  potential  of  application  for  education  improvement in the classroom through the interaction of the community and the  school. Research method The research presents  data  on the  usage  of questions in three different  circumstances. The  study  setup  was carried  out in a city located in the Southeastern United States, known to  comprise  o f black residents of the working class  community, children from this  community  who attended the classrooms selected for the study, and also comprising of the teachers’ homes who teach in the mentioned classrooms. The field work  was carried  out for a period of five years in both institutional and community settings. Results of the study  were shared  and discussed among the institutional and community settings. The first phase of the study  was carried  out in a group comprising of only black residents with the members identifying themselves as a community, both on the basis of  group  membership or spatial members. This  group  was referred  to as  Trackton  in order to  differentiate  the  group  from the entire  public  community. Majority of  Trackton  households had one or more of their members between the ages of 21 and 45, and worked in jobs that provided  high  or  equal  salaries to the teachers. Rulings of segregation often  put  black children to be taught by white teachers, in classrooms that were  formerly  for white students. The key focus on field work was the acquisition of language uses, ways of satisfying needs of children by learning language use, information transmission, asking questions, and convincing other children and adults that they were  competent  communicators. Data  was collected  for a period of five years while observing and participating in the classrooms and some homes for the teachers. Data  collection  was done  across a broad range of  circumstances, as well as longitudinally following the

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Lab Report Example For the second cycle, the mass of the water alone is the mass of the crucible lid and hydrate, less the mass of the crucible lid and residue after heating. That gives 22.678 – 22.455 = 0.223. Considering the fact that the second cycle represents a time when more accuracy is sought as opposed to the first cycle, the mass from the second cycle is taken for use in the establishment of the % of the water of hydration. The % of water of hydration is equal to the mass of the water of hydration alone, divided by the mass of the hydrated salt and the result multiplied by 100%. That gives, (0.223 / 0.636 ) * 100 = 4% to the nearest whole number. It is apparent that the experiment manifested that the percentage of the water of hydration is 4% as opposed to the theoretical value which is 5%. This may be attributed to the fact that there are some errors in the experiment that result from such attributes as impurities entering the reagents; zero error introduced in the measuring instruments and parallax error on the side of the personnel taking the readings from the instruments. The experiment however proved that indeed there is water of hydration in the reagent and that has weight which is shade off by heating the

Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Description - Essay Example We decided to go to the stadium almost an hour before as we wanted to enjoy the tranquility of the stadium, which drowns and is alien to the field once the game begins. Plus we wanted to see the waiting rooms, rest rooms and cafeteria because they all had created such hype. The rumors were true; everything was up to the mark and immaculate. We were afraid that we won't be able to get a decent spot for parking but we were elated to see the organized setup for parking at the Centurylink Plaza. After parking the car at the nearby Plaza, we stepped on to the magnificent threshold of the stadium and the scene before us was spellbinding. For a second or two, our minds and hearts swayed from the sheer beauty of it. The musky and dewy scent of the grass, the very audible chirping of the birds, and the crystal clear visibility of everything mystified us. It was as if everything else had shrunk behind, amplifying this glorious moment. A painter would have killed to capture those beautiful colo rs. Our hands itched to grab the sense of familiarity and to keep it with us forever. Besides the creativity of this stadium, the practicality is also to be applauded. The chairs, or benches, had enough space in between that people could easily pass through. Another pleasant surprise was that the restrooms were spotless and there were around fifteen washrooms which meant you did not have to wait much. Then the crowd began to pour in. Everyone was as excited and as awed as we were. The eagerness, the enthrallment and nervousness were visible on every ones face. The typically scrumptious aroma of hot dogs, popcorns, tacos and beers, which are a complete necessity when it comes to a thrilling game, completed the picture. Everyone was prepared for the battle and the exhilaration was practically radiating from them. And then the superstars of the sounders team came barreling from one side of the stadium. The adrenaline rush of seeing these heroes was expected. The huddle was what I had o nly seen in movies. Optimism and promise to win the game could be felt by the millions of high spirited spectators. All of a sudden, the whole ground thundered with cheers and the game began. Whenever the sounders excelled, the audience went bonkers, and their excitement spilled out of the stands where they were confined. But when the opposing team bagged any points, the other half of the stadium cheered. And yes, the smoke of cigarettes was also quite pungent when the other team scored higher. When the match was coming to an end, the tension was palpable. The coaches, the players and the spectators were chewing their nails, saying their prayers and had their fingers crossed. Osvaldo Alonso and Alex Caskey played really well. My brother and cousins are his huge fans and they couldn’t stop singing his praises. The final penalty round was really difficult to take. It was as if everything was in slow motion like a movie. The cheers, the sighs went absolutely still. There was jus t the sound of a final swift kick and that’s it. A full stop. After an eternity, the shrill sound of the whistle, a signal from the referee caused every sounders fan's heart sore. They were basking in the glory of victory. The most befuddling stadium was filled with people hugging each other and patting backs. If there were tears in everyone’s eyes, then that was no surprise. It is mandatory to have intense feelings after such an intense game. This place is full of vigor and energy, and

German Essays Enlightenment and Religious Tolerance

German Essays Enlightenment and Religious Tolerance Enlightenment and Religious Tolerance in Gotthold Ephraim Lessings Die Juden and Nathan der Weise. Because of the impact of the intellectual revolution, the eighteenth century is frequently referred to as the Age of Reason. More specifically, the term Enlightenment is used because a major feature of this era was the minds emphasis on using rationality as a framework within which to view major philosophical issues. According to Benson and DiYanni, the Enlightenment continued an emphasis on secular concerns that began during the Renaissance and continued with the rise of scientific and philosophical thought during the seventeenth century (2005: 397). During this epoch, superstition came to be replaced with logical thought and analysis. These influences can be seen in the works of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Lessing is considered by many to be a major representative of the Enlightenment Era. He was well known as a dramatist, critic, and philosopher during this time frame in Germany, and his works remain popular and influential even in contemporary times. In terms of religious tolerance, Lessings philosophies are perhaps best represented by two of his dramatic pieces, Nathan der Weise, or Nathan the Wise, and Die Juden, or The Jews. According to one scholar, these two plays by Lessing are instructive examples that demonstrate, when read in light of the historical specificity of their context, the force of critical thinking that drove Lessing (Goetschel 2003: 63). Lessings impact is still felt today. According to Garland, The Jews had shown [Lessings] deep antipathy to the unreasonable hatred directed against that people (1962: 191). In the eighteenth century, the ideas introduced by the Enlightenment had far-reaching effects on Western society. In fact, many of those ideas remain influential to this day. Formerly, much of Europe had been plagued by archaic prejudices towards those whose religious faith was considered to be a minority. This theme is nowhere more evident than in Lessings plays, Nathan the Wise and The Jews According to Goetschel, both of these works are evidence of Lessings critical concern to rethink both the claims of Christianity and the groundwork of modern national identity (2003: 63). Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was born in the quiet country town of Kamenz. His father, Johann Gottfried Lessing, was an educated man, but he was not wealthy. He worked as an assistant pastor in Kamenz It was from him that the younger Lessing got his love of books, something that would last throughout his life. Lessing attended the University of Leipzig. Leipzig was a new world for the young man. It was far different from Kamenz. In fact, it was sometimes known as Little Paris because of the level of sophistication that existed there (Garland 1962: 7). Lessings early literary works included Damon and The Young Scholar Neither of these works gave any indication that Lessing would eventually come to be known as the father of German literature, although The Young Scholar enjoyed a brief spate of popularity on the stage. During his youth, Lessing exhibited a tendency to rebel against the status quo. This became particularly clear during his college days. Correspondence between him and his parents shows evidence of a young man of great curiosity, and one for whom a tried and true path would not suffice. His parents wished the best for him, naturally: a steady career that would bring him stability and a modest amount of comfort. It was also hoped that Lessing, as the eldest, would establish himself in order to contribute to the education of his younger siblings. However, this was not the path that Lessing chose to follow. His adventurous spirit, combined with his youth, and the atmosphere of Leipzig, all combined to determine a path that would veer from his parents wishes. These experiences led him to become a thinker and writer who was ahead of his time, as well as one of the finest minds of the German Enlightenment. Lessings Plays: Nathan the Wise and The Jews. In many ways, Nathan the Wise can be considered a play that was ahead of its time. According to Wilms, this play is canonized not just in German literature, but also in the liberal Enlightenment reception of that literature and its tradition (2002: 306). The central theme is the concept of brotherhood among mankind. Through the vehicle of drama, Lessing puts forth the message that people should be able to exist in harmony despite their religious denomination or group affiliation. For example, it should not matter whether one is a Jew, a Christian, or a Muslim; people should respect each other and coexist peacefully no matter what religious affiliations they have. Lessings primary message in Nathan the Wise is that the main consideration should be the value of individuals as human beings, and that group membership is secondary to this. This is the concept that the character of Nathan proposes. The role of money in this play merits some attention. Lessing uses money as a prop and as a theme. It is an integral part of the discourse of the play. According to Graham, from the first moiment of the pla we are never allowed to forget Nathans association with money and the desirable goods that money can buy (1973: 179). Money, and the power of money, are apparently very important to Lessing here. It is also significant to note that Nathan is rarely the recipient of money. He is rather, the giver. The suggestion that Nathan is wise may play a role here. This may be yet another way in which Lessing underscores the value of giving rather than receiving. As Graham notes, the religious impulse of surrendering the grateful self to the giver of life reverberates in every one of these situations, in varying degreees of consciousness, and in every instance soemthing of the same release of love is experienced and communicated (1973: 185). It can be said that the true villain of Lessings play is the insidious hatred that is passed down from one generation to the next. This hatred is a complex mixture of mistrust and ignorance and is so deeply ingrained in people that often it remains unquestioned, simply a part of life. Nathan the Wise is often considered a vehicle in which Lessings theological beliefs are given voice. Lessing believed in freedom of thought and was a serious student of theology. In some ways, it appears that Nathan the Wise is a mixture of various theological ideologies, many of which also appear in Lessings Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts, or Education of the Human Race, which was published in 1780. According to Wilms, in Nathan the Wise, rationality successfully overcomes a series of obstacles and works its way into a traditional Lebenswelt dominated by prejudice that does not shy away from murder and even genocide (2002: 306). The triumph of rationality here is a central theme of Lessings work. He takes on the traditional themes of religious dogma in this play and shows how individuals can take a rational approach to them The title of the play refers to the main character, Nathan. The play takes place in Jerusalem, where Nathan lives as a prosperous Jew. The time frame is in the twelfth century. In the play, it is significant that Nathan adopts an orphan. The orphan happens to be Christian, but this does not matter to Nathan, who simply takes her into his home because she was the daughter of a friend. Immediately we see that Nathan is the kind of character to rise above petty details, and to act in the interests of humanity above all else.   Considering the time and setting, this is certainly no ordinary act. Tension builds, however, when a suitor comes into the picture. Nathan is aware of the inherent danger in this situation. Should the identity of his adoptive daughter be made known, the results would most undoubtedly be tragic for all involved. This use of hidden identity was common in the literary works of Lessings time, and it is used quite effectively in this play. Ultimately, Lessings message in Nathan the Wise is that humanity is far more important than religious affiliation. Lessing asserts that the worth of people should not based on what religion individuals are born into, or on blood relations, but rather on the very fact that they are human. According to Garland, anti-Semitism had lessened somewhat, but was still considered widespread during the period of time in which Lessing was writing. The theme of the play is that people cannot be judged by their religious affiliations. The plot of the play is simple, ostensibly to allow the theme to stand out. The character of the Baron is clearly full of strong anti-Semitic prejudices. Therefore, when he is attacked by robbers, he immediately concludes that the perpetrators were of the Jewish persuasion, in keeping with his beliefs. It is of course ironic that the attackers are found to be Christian. Furthermore, they are employees of the Baron himself. As for the noble Stranger who rescues the Baron, he is revealed to be Jewish himself. This puts the Baron in a rather awkward situation, as he has promised the hand of his daughter to The Stranger in return for his gallantry. Of course, once the Stranger has identified himself as a Jew, the wedding is now unthinkable. According to Garland, Lessings interest is clearly centered on the serious aspects of the play The moral is pointed not only by the action, but is also underlined by frequent passages of dialogue (1962: 111). Here, as in Nathan the Wise, Lessing effectively uses the tactic of the hidden identity to elucidate his point. Once again, the message is that humanity is far more important than religious affiliation. In The Jews, Lessing asserts again that the worth of people should not be based on what religion individuals are born into This is quite apparent when it turns out that the Barons attackers are in fact the very servants on whom he relies. The person who saves him, The Stranger, turns out to be a Jew himself, which adds to the irony. Lessings attitude to orthodoxy is rather complex. Much of his beliefs in his early life were strongly influenced by his friend, the freethinker Mylius. Mylius befriended him in Leipzig. Several years older, Mylius had a great deal of influence on his young protà ©gà © In a letter to his father, written when he was twenty years old, we can see the evolution of the young Lessings thoughts about religion: Time will prove whether he is the better Christian, who has the principles of Christian doctrine in his memory, and on his lips, often without understanding them, who goes to church and observes all the practices (of religion) just because they are customary; or he who has once prudently doubted and has reached conviction by the path of investigation, or at an rate strives to reach it. The Christian religion is not a thing which one should accept on trust from ones parents (quoted in Garland 1962: 151). Seeds of unrest and a pull towards independent thinking are apparent even at this early stage in Lessings development. We can already see this tendency to be skeptical of church-goers whose actions are at odds with their stated beliefs. As stated earlier, anti-Semitism was somewhat less pronounced during this period, although it still clearly existed. The idea that people should not be judged by their religious affiliations seems to have already taken hold in Lessings young mind. According to Garland, Lessing was struck by the obvious divergence between the doctrine of Christ and the mode of life of many of those who passed as Christians (1962: 152). He was very much aware of the hypocrisy inherent in many who claimed to be Christians. Even as a young man, he was easily incensed by intolerance towards religious practices. He seemed to have little respect for orthodox theologies that had little room for the beliefs of others. In the eighteenth century, as discussed earlier, the ideas introduced by the Enlightenment had far-reaching effects on Western society. In fact, many of those ideas remain influential to this day. Formerly, much of Europe had been plagued by archaic prejudices towards those whose religious faith was considered to be a minority. Conclusion The period of the Enlightenment in Europe signaled a change in thinking. As representative pieces, these two plays by Lessing are examples of these new attitudes towards religion. Because of the impact of the intellectual revolution, the eighteenth century is frequently referred to as the Age of Reason. More specifically, the term Enlightenment is used because a major feature of this era was the minds emphasis on using rationality as a framework within which to view major philosophical issues. During this epoch, superstition came to be replaced with logical thought and analysis. These influences can be seen in the works of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. A recurring theme in the works of Lessing is the concept of brotherhood among mankind. Through the vehicle of drama, Lessing puts forth the idea that people should be able to exist in harmony despite their religious denomination or group affiliation. Whether one is Christian, Muslim, or Jew, is irrelevant Ones connection to a particular religious group should not affect the basic respect that people should feel for one another. People of different faiths and beliefs should respect each other and coexist peacefully no matter what religious affiliations they have. Lessings primary message in Nathan the Wise is that the main consideration should be the value of individuals as human beings, and that group membership is secondary to this. This is the concept that the character of Nathan proposes. This message is also present in The Jews Here, as in Nathan the Wise, Lessing once again makes it clear that humanity is far more important than religious affiliation. In The Jews, Lessing asserts again that the value of a person should be independent of what religion that person is born into. This is quite apparent when it turns out that the Barons attackers are in fact the very servants on whom he relies. The person who saves him, The Stranger, turns out to be a Jew himself, which adds to the irony. Lessing, as we have seen, is considered by many to be a major representative of the Enlightenment Era. He was well known as a dramatist, critic, and philosopher during this time frame in Germany. The fact that his works remain popular and influential even in contemporary times is a testament to his ongoing influence. In terms of religious tolerance, Lessings philosophies are perhaps best represented by these two dramatic pieces Each of these works is an example of the critical and independent thinking that drove Lessing from his early days at university in Leipzig and throughout his life. Lessings impact is still felt today. As discussed above, the ideas brought to the fore in the eighteenth century had a tremendous impact on Western society. The concepts introduced during the stage known as the Enlightenment had far-reaching effects. In fact, many of these ideas remain influential to this day. Many of the prejudices that had been formulated regarding religious affiliations were analyzed and found to be wanting. This theme is nowhere more evident than in Lessings plays, Nathan the Wise and The Jews. Lessings messages in both of these plays call into question both the claims of Christianity and the significance of the underlying national identity. Many people consider Lessing to be a major representative of the Period of Enlightenment in Germany. His influence is felt in many spheres: he was well known as a dramatist, critic, and philosopher during this epoch, and his works remain popular and influential even in contemporary times. In terms of religious tolerance, Lessings philosophies are perhaps best represented by two of his dramatic pieces, Nathan der Weise, or Nathan the Wise, and Die Juden, or The Jews In each of these plays, Lessing makes clear his belief that people should not be judged by their religious affiliations. In Nathan the Wise, we find a complex mix of ideologies. These same ideologies are present in The Jews, although to a lesser extent. It can be said that the true villain in each of these plays is the insidious hatred that is passed down from one generation to the next. Lessing portrays this hatred as a complex mixture of mistrust and ignorance that is so deeply ingrained in people that often it remains unquestioned. Both Nathan the Wise and The Jews can be considered vehicles in which Lessings theological beliefs are given voice. In the eighteenth century, the ideas introduced by the Enlightenment had far-reaching effects on Western society, and those effects are elucidated in these dramatic works. Much of Europe had been riddled with archaic prejudices towards those whose religious faith was considered to be a minority. Lessing focuses on these prejudices in an effective dramatic format. In terms of religious tolerance, Lessings philosophies are strongly represented by these two dra matic pieces. In the eighteenth century, the ideas introduced by the Enlightenment had far-reaching effects on Western society. In fact, many of those ideas remain influential to this day. For readers today, these works continue to have an impact. Both of these plays offer a close look at the evolving attitudes towards religion and society of that era.